import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.PrintStream; public class findcurves { /* * @author Aaron Blumenfeld * The following program conducts a search for elliptic curves of order N, * for N prime (that way every finite point is a generator) * * Just change the number N in the main routine and make sure the array of primes * has values in the right range */ public static long modExp(long a, long b, long p) { /* compute a^b mod p */ long rval = 1; while(b > 0) { if((b & 1) == 1) /* if b is odd */ rval = (rval * a) % p; b >>= 1; a = (a * a) % p; } return rval; } public static long jacobi(long a, long p){ /* compute (a/p) */ if((a % p) == 0) return 0; long rval = 1; long mod8; long temp; a = (a % p); while(a != 0) { while(a % 2 == 0) { /* pull out factors of 2 and compute (2/n) */ a >>= 1; mod8 = (p % 8); if(mod8 == 3 || mod8 == 5) { if(rval == 1) rval = -1; else rval = 1; } } temp = a; a = p; /* swap a and p */ p = temp; if((a % 4) == 3 && (p % 4) == 3) { /* apply quadratic reciprocity */ if(rval == 1) rval = -1; else rval = 1; } a = a % p; } return rval; } public static int smallestM(long b, int m, long p) { /* helper method for shanks */ while(modExp(b, 1< 0) { e++; q >>= 1; } long n = 2; while(jacobi(n, p) != -1) { n = (long)(Math.random()*p); } long z = modExp(n, q, p); long y, r, x, b, t; y = z; r = e; x = modExp(a, (q-1)/2, p); b = (a*x*x)%p; x = (a*x)%p; while(b%p != 1) { int m = 1; m = smallestM(b, m, p); t = modExp(y, 1<<(r-m-1), p); y = (t*t)%p; r = m; x = (x*t)%p; b = (b*y)%p; } return x; } public static boolean isEC(long a, long b, long p) { if(((4*a*a*a + 27*b*b) % p) == 0) /* make sure no multiple roots */ return false; return true; } public static long ecOrder(long a, long b, long p) { /* O(plogp) algorithm, maybe fix later using Shoof's algorithm for O(log^8 p) run-time */ long order = 1; long temp = 0; for(long x = 0; x < p; x++) { temp = (((x * x) % p) * x) % p; temp = (temp + (a * x)) % p; temp = (temp + b) % p; order += (1 + jacobi(temp, p)); } return order; } public static void findGenerators(long a, long b, long p, long N, PrintStream fout) { long temp = 0; for(long x = 0; x < p; x++) { temp = (((x * x) % p) * x) % p; temp = (temp + (a * x)) % p; temp = (temp + b) % p; if(jacobi(temp, p) == 1) { long y = shanks(temp, p); fout.println(a); fout.println(b); fout.println(p); fout.println(x); fout.println(y); } } } public static void findECs(long p, long N, PrintStream fout) { for(long a = 0; a < p; a++) { for(long b = 1; b < p; b++) { /* b = 0 ==> E has even order... */ if(isEC(a, b, p) && ecOrder(a, b, p) == N) { System.out.println(new EllipticCurve(a, b, p) + ", order " + ecOrder(a, b, p)); findGenerators(a, b, p, N, fout); } } } } public static void ecsOfOrderN(long N, long[] primes, PrintStream fout) { int i = 0; while(i < primes.length && ((primes[i] + 1) + 2*(long)Math.sqrt(primes[i])) <= N) i++; /* find first prime in the range implied by Hasse's Theorem */ while(primes[i] <= N) { /* loop through primes up to N */ findECs(primes[i], N, fout); i++; } } public static void main(String[] args) { long[] primes = {5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997, 1481, 1483, 1487, 1489, 1493, 1499, 1511, 1523, 1531, 1543, 1549, 2687, 2689, 2693, 2699, 2707, 2711, 2713, 2719, 2729, 2731, 2741, 2749, 2753, 2767, 2777, 2789, 4967, 4969, 4973, 4987, 4993, 4999, 5003, 5009, 5011, 5021, 5023, 5039, 5051, 5059, 5077, 5081, 5087, 5099, 5101, 5107, 9091, 9103, 9109, 9127, 9133, 9137, 9151, 9157, 9161, 9173, 9181, 9187, 9199, 9203, 9209, 9221, 9227, 9239, 9241, 9257, 9277, 9281, 99431, 99439, 99469, 99487, 99497, 99523, 99527, 99529, 99551, 99559, 99563, 99571, 99577, 99581, 99607, 99611, 99623, 99643, 99661, 99667, 99679, 99689, 99707, 99709, 99713, 99719, 99721, 99733, 99761, 99767, 99787, 99793, 99809, 99817, 99823, 99829, 99833, 99839, 99859, 99871, 99877, 99881, 99901, 99907, 99923, 99929, 99961, 99971, 99989, 99991, 100003, 100019, 100043, 100049, 100057}; String filename = "997curves.txt"; long N = 997; try { /* write file */ PrintStream fout = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(filename)); ecsOfOrderN(N, primes, fout); } catch(Exception e) { System.err.println(e); } } }